Marxist Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxist Theory - Essay Example The created world obtained its riches using modest creation material. Furthermore, work costs were modest. No endeavors were made to provide food for the requirements of representatives, constrained work and difficult work by the slaves prompted financial realism and riches delighted in by most western states (Trainer, 2010). The industrialist decides the destiny of the low class. Laws have been established to guarantee that the low class works successfully in satisfying the needs of the entrepreneur. Wages, working hours, and working conditions are dictated by the business people. As indicated by Marxists, the general public is partitioned into crude, slave, medieval and entrepreneur. What's more, there are the low class and bourgeoisie (entrepreneurs). The industrialists claim and choose the predetermination of other â€Å"sub-structure† of the general public. The creation assets are controlled and constrained by the business people. The low class exists to work and obtain riches for the business people. Predominant thoughts from the world class (bourgeoisie) were utilized in accomplishing material riches. Significantly, components inside the general public, for example, instruction, law, and ethical quality were dictated by the financial circumstance of a given state Methods for creation incorporate slave work, innovation, and machines. The methods for creation are utilized to deliver merchandise and ventures for the entrepreneurs. Without methods for creation, industrialists and present day states can't accomplish their monetary targets. Subjugation was especially utilized in the United States to obtain riches and modern turn of events. Relations of creation is characterized as the social association of creation. Specifically, it alludes to people who own the beneficial powers and how they control them to accomplish their destinations. For instance, the industrialists constrained captives to work for them. In the present society, individuals are compelled to work for a certain

To what extent have the decline of the traditional career and the Essay

What exactly degree have the decay of the customary vocation and the qrowth of non-standard work game plans prompted a basic move in the idea of the psych - Essay Example There is proof of considerable changes in work and employment profiles. The issues included have sweeping ramifications. This could prompt expanded polarization of the work power, pay variations which is very obvious now, and new types of social rejection. It may not be the finish of work however its weakening as far as personal satisfaction and of working life will boomerang. Have there been a decay of the customary vocation and the development of non-standard work game plans and has this prompted a central move in the idea of the mental agreement. This paper investigates what could have been and what is. What is an agreement? Agreements are a universal and restricting component found in associations the world over. A Contract fills in as a bond that unites representatives and businesses together to accomplish the hierarchical objective. Albeit large scale inquire about has given some consideration to the investigation of agreements, for example, by Williamson, 1975 (Robinson, Kraatz, and Rousseau, Changing Obligations and the Psychological Contract: A Longitudinal Study, Research Notes) 2, an intricate examination or spotlight on the exploration on this field leaves a great deal to be wanted. â€Å"Technological progression is thought to be the most overpowering driver of progress. Innovation will make new openings and change existing work to higher aptitude levels, or data innovation will pulverize occupations or corrupt them into less talented, increasingly routine work (Changing Nature of Work 1999). The across the board lack of IT laborers recommends that occupations are being made for a huge scope. Laborer studies show that abilities and obligations have expanded because of computerized innovation (Changing Nature of Work 1999)† (Kalleberg, NON-STANDARD EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS: Part-time, Temporary and Contract Work, www.cete.org, alluded on 16.04.2006)3. â€Å"Martin and Butler (2000) found far reaching understanding in the writing that the old work contract is dead or

Sample Sources for Synthesis Essay

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Systems of Equations by Substitution Worksheets

Cubas Colonial History - 3014 Words

Cuba Cuba The forces that define Cuba today are in many ways the same ones that have defined it for centuries. The ethos of monism, or the tendency to centralize power and to use it to represent pluralistic, divergent or dissenting impulses, was established early in Cubas colonial history. A small Spanish elite group used centralized power to rule for what they viewed as the common good. This common good usually coincided with their interest, and public office was often seen as both proprietary and legitimate source of private gain. Political monopolies were reinforced by economic ones, all of which served to limit accountability, social mobility, an expectation of fair play and economic development (Ellis, 2007). In Cuba, as elsewhere in Ibero-America four hundred years ago, rulers viewed society as an organic whose constituent part were united by the imperatives of order, harmony and uniformity. Experimentation, critical inquiry, and compromise were antithetical to the imperatives of monism. These forces and the limitations they place on human development have been increasingly challenged over the last century and a half by efforts to develop a more pluralistic society. Indeed, much of the modern history of Cuba is a tale of the conflict between the ethos of monism and the ethos of pluralism. This work traces the monistic impulse, efforts to change it, and its manifestation in contemporary Cuba. Throughout the colonial period, contraband trade long served as wayShow MoreRelatedCuba And The United States1307 Words   |  6 PagesCuba is a nation that formed from a history of colonial and imperial domination. Formal colonial status under Spain ended during the invasion by the United States in 1898, when military and corporate interests made the island a de facto colony of the United States. 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The issue of racism developed since colonial times, where people of darker skin were the ones who have been oppressed by people of lighter skinRead MoreCulture, Nation And Social Cohesions : A Scrutiny Of Revolutionary Cuba1655 Words   |  7 Pagesand Social Cohesions: A Scrutiny of Revolutionary Cuba† by Kronenberg (2008), first talks about the development and character of Cuban national culture: Cuba’s original people. The author discusses the hist orical events that occurred in Cuba and how those historic events has shaped Cuba’s culture. He talks about the original tribes that were on Cuba’s land for decades, which were Taino and Siboney Amerindian tribes. They were originally one of the first groups to help shape the Cuban culture. AfterRead MoreCuban National Culture : Cubas Original People1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe article first talks about the development and character of Cuban national culture: Cuba’s original people. It discusses the historical events that occurred in Cuba and how those historic events have shaped Cuba’s culture. It talks about the original tribes that were on Cuba’s land for decades, which were Taino and Siboney Amerindian tribes. They were originally one of the first groups to help shape the Cuban culture. After a while, Spanish invaders came to Cuba and took over the land and putRead MoreCuba And The Cuban Missile Crisis1730 Words   |  7 Pagesmiles. The ne arness in the terrestrial location of Cuba relative to the US is perhaps one of the central reasons as to why the US has always remained interested in the affairs of Cuba. To this extent, we can deduce that for the greater part of the history between the two nations, US decision-makers have always considered Cuba to be a commonsensical extension of their nation; fundamentally because Cuba presents a geographical position that is of strategic political and economic importance. For manyRead More Free Cuba Essay2355 Words   |  10 PagesFree Cuba I. Introduction: Cuban history, like many other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean which have experienced colonial subjugation and imperial interference, is highlighted by tumultuous rebellions. Ever since the revolt of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes in 1868, who took up arms with his slaves to liberate Cuba from Spain’s colonial grasp, the existence of insurrectionists and adamant government opposition in Cuba has flourished. Social revolution and a strong will

Police culture free essay sample

(Definition)The knowledge, attitudes, expectations, behaviours and rituals that exist amongst police, or which more broadly, characterize a police force. Police Culture affects: how police see themselves and their role as police †¢ how they see the world around them, how they police (how policing is performed). Differences exist within and between police cultures. Police officers, as individuals, will not all equally adopt or adhere to the dominant police culture. Police culture cannot be divorced from the social, political, economic, legal and organizational context of policing. Police cultures can change. Police Culture: Characteristics Sense of Mission: ‘the thin blue line’ A crucial, dangerous but thankless job ,Not just a job, but a way of life? †¢ Policing thought of as protecting the weak from the strong (not at all political, relating to power within society).? †¢ ‘Us versus them’ mentality evident Law enforcers and law abiders versus law breakers Action Orientated: ‘Real Policing’ Emphasis on ‘real policing’ as that which occurs in the public sphere and which involves dangerous or potentially dangerous situations and confrontations. We will write a custom essay sample on Police culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? (ie. responding to reports of crime, raids, shoot outs, car pursuits and so on). Greatest status attached to Homicide Squads and Tactical Response Units. Cynicism and Pragmatism Required to obey law, yet see law as limiting and naive Must go beyond the law, to do their job and get results. Favour expedience over due process These characteristics of police culture have been related to various negative behaviours: Unlawful detention? The improper use of force? Breaches of proper interview processes Corruption? Dismissal of some crimes/victims? Commission of some offences Isolation and Solidarity Feel different from other people based on work and work-related experiences. Sense of isolation intensified by problems socializing with non-police due to others reactions, difficulties turning off, shift work. Closest bonds forged with other police Very loyal to, and protective of, other officers MasculinistDominance of masculinist perspectives and practices. Reiner has described police culture as an ‘old – ? fashioned world of machismo’. ‘Real policing’ associated with confrontation, physical strength, danger Male-dominated composition of police forces has contributed to this. Racism Widely documented evidence of suspicion, hostility and prejudice in police dealings with racial and ethnic minorities. Evidenced in well-known instances (ie. Rodney King) through to everyday policing practices. Once again partly attributable to historical composition of police forces. Also relates to their role acting on behalf of states to administer racially- ? based laws and policies (segregation, removal of indigenous children). 7. Conservatism? †¢ Social and politically conservative. Emphasis upon maintaining the status quo. Once again, partly a consequence of historical composition and role of police Approaches to policing and the community Number 9 Traditional Policing- (as developed with rise of modern police forces). Community Policing (developed over past 30, largely in response to concerns raised over the methods and outcomes of traditional policing. ) Traditional Policing: Police seen as separate from the community ,Role of the police is to respond to crime. ,Police effectiveness is measured by changes in crime rates and arrest rates. Concerned primarily with the policing of public sphere, rather than private sphere. Use of force is viewed as legitimate and necessary to ? preservation of order – militarization of police over past 40 y ears with rise of law and order. Community Policing The development of community policing was based upon recognition that a lack of familiarity and respect between police and specific communities sometimes resulted in negative and repressive policing practices being used, and the fostering of mutual suspicion and antagonism between police and communities. Young people,, gays and lesbians, indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities recognized as particularly affected. What is Community Policing? No universally accepted definition of community policing. As an approach to policing, it can best be described as consisting of a broad range of strategies designed to improve policing by connecting police more closely to local communities and supporting relationships. Includes programs such as: ? Neighbourhood Watch ? Crime Stoppers Blue-light Discos School Education Programs Development of specific community policing units The appointment of Liaison Officers (such as: YLOs /? MLOs ) and committees involving police and community members . Formalised relationships with other community agencies? (for example, sexual assault and domestic violence services, ambulance services, welfare service). Reform of procedures for dealing with Some types of offences – SOCIT (Secual Offences and Child Abuse Investigation Teams Increased police presence, visibility and availability (for example, police on bicycles, shop fronts) Use of media to involve public in policing and crime prevention Police organising and hosting activities and programs – particularly for young people (such as the Ropes Program) Police learning and demonstrating the ‘art of negotiation’ with difficult groups Police taking a more gentle/balanced approach to policing Community Policing Compared to the traditional approach to policing, community policing Aims to be more pro-active and pre-emptive. More concerned with peacekeeping and conflict resolution than crime fighting? †¢ Based on complexities of local context and on building relationships Envisages police as part of the community and as needing to be responsive and answerable to it. Community Policing: Benefits to Police Greater efficiency / more effective knowledge, gathering Less stressful / more predictable Increased community legitimacy / support Increased community willingness to provide info Increased responsibility placed on community role in crime fighting Improved image of police Community Policing Ideal Benefits Two way exchange of cultural understanding Better responses to crime and treatment of victims Less resistance to police / greater trust of police Less suspicion / Greater awareness of the cultural differences that may lead ? To misunderstandings ? Problems Increased police presence surveillance (even during activities) Power imbalance still intact (and not addressed) therefore how much of a ? genuine two-way exchange is possible Police tend to place greater expectation of change on the community than ? on themselves – still see the community as the problem and seem to have ? difficulty reflecting on their own role Improves police image more than substance Localised impacts overall police approach culture still intact Perhaps ‘in effect different tactics to exercise police authority to the same ends’? (Smith Reside 2009: 2) in Victoria as elsewhere, we see aspects of both approaches to policing being used. Community Policing: Critical Issues Police Culture ,The persistence of conservative e police cultures still threatens to undermine the importance and effectiveness of community policing strategies. Still a danger that they are not seen as ‘real policing’ and that those who undertake community policing f unction’s are marginalized within police forces. Police Discretion:? This refers to the power police officers exercise in the performance of their duty. Police continually exercise discretion every time they decide what they will do in the course of their duties. Often there is considerable scope available to them to make choices. Discretion may be exercised so that practices fall within the law, but it can also be exercised with more negative results. For example, it can contribute to over-policing and under policing. Police culture is one of many factors that can affect how police exercise their discretion. Community Policing: Critical Issues The Composition of Police Forces, The need to increase diversity in police forces (in terms of gender, ethnic background and so on) via the adoption of inclusive recruitment strategies continues to be exist if police forces are to be reflective of the communities they police. A lack of diversity threatens to undermine community-policing strategies. The pace and degree of diversification varies between police forces, but is considered important as a means of counteracting the negative aspects of police culture and enhancing community-police relations. Community Policing: Critical Issues Resource Issues Lack of adequate ongoing funding – often programs are expensive, rely on short term grants Difficulties in attracting sufficient recruits? †¢ Lack of adequate training for recruit and police generally. Jude’s and judging (sentencing) Number 10 PowerPoint What is Sentencing? Sentencing refers a specific stage in the criminal justice process. It is when a penalty is determined and handed down to an individual who has either plead guilty or been found guilty of an offence by a court. In considering sentencing, it is important to note that it is part of a much broader process and that it is affected by what precedes it, as well as what is anticipated as following on from it. Sentencing stands between prosecution and the administration of punishment . Why Sentencing Matters There are two crucial reasons: In sentencing individuals, courts are exercising the power of the state. They can deny a person their liberty, and in some places, can deprive a person of his or her life. Sentencing is crucial to the law’s appearance and to its acceptance. Factors that contribute to making sentencing a contentious and controversial issue The adversarial system As the quotes evidence, sentencing is the end point in a process that involves a range of players, often with different emotions and standpoints. These tend to be intensified by the pitting of one side against the other. Criminal Cases = the State vs the Accused (Defendant)Claims are made that the law can produce outcomes that are both correct and just. But what justice is remains subject to different views. 2. Perceptions of the Judiciary Judges who are responsible for sentencing are often viewed as aloof, elite, and as out of touch with the community. Controversial comments by members of the judiciary in some cases, and also instances of sentencing that appear less harsh than they might be, have tended to exacerbate that view. Important to note that in Australia, judges cannot in the public domain individually explain themselves or their decisions. They are not allowed to speak to the media about cases – the effect of that is to again reinforce a view that they are distant from the rest of the community and uncaring. 3. Changing and not-so-transparent processes Development of technocratic justice Practices intended to promote the efficiency of court systems but which may result in justice not so readily being ‘seen to be done’. For example, diverting cases through specific channels so that they do not come to court (PERIN Court) ? Great use of plea bargaining – process that occurs outside the formal courtroom and reduces the need for long and expensive trials. The judiciary and the courts have constantly been depicted as lenient; A harsher approach to sentencing has been advocated as an essential response to dealing with crime; As a consequence, penalties have been increased and judicial iscretion decreased . Examples: Rise of mandatory sentencing laws since early 1990’s; Gradual removal of suspended sentences from the Victorian sentencing regime The adoption of ‘Law and order’ strategies has also placed unprecedented demands on the system, increasing the numbers of people going through the system, creating backlogs, and fuelling questions about the efficiency of the system. 5. The Victim Rights Movement This development partly reflects the lack of input that victim’s previously had in relation to criminal justice matters, and their perceptions or experiences of injustice. The Victims Rights Movement has contributed to the introduction of various reforms in courts Victim Impact Statements Changes to rules of evidence and procedure Have also pushed for harsher sentencing, in some instances in the wake of high profile cases.? The emergence of Victimology as a discrete area within Criminology is further evidence of the greater focus on victims and victimization. 6. The Rise of Mass Media. Over 200 years, punishment was gradually removed form the public to the private sphere. One consequence of this is that now it is at the sentencing stage that justice is most obviously seen to be doneornot one. Today, rather than witnessing the dispensing of justice first-hand, werely on the media. Differing Views within the Community Sentencing is intended to reflect community standards, however ,what counts as an appropriate punishment like what counts as justice generally is not commonly agreed upon. Nor is there agreement over what the primary purpose of sentencing should be. Sentencing can therefore never accurately or entirely reflect every individuals view. 2. Prosecution Processes There are variations in prosecution and sentencing processes across jurisdictions, according to the constitution of different criminal justice systems and the way crimes are categorized. Distinctions are generally drawn between crimes in terms of their nature and seriousness These factors generally determine the court a case will be heard in and the possible sanctions that may be handed out if the defendant person pleads or is found to be guilty. 3. Types of offences: Victoria Summary Offences:? Heard before a single Magistrate, no jury? Traffic offences, public disturbances, theft, some kinds of assault Tried by a police prosecutor representing the State Indictable Offences:? Tried before a Judge (County Court) or Justice (Supreme Court), with or without jury? Most serious criminal offences – murder, manslaughter, sexual offences, arson, culpable driving, commercial crime and fraud? Tried by a Crown prosecutor or solicitor from the Office of Public? Prosecutions Indictable Offences tried Summarily (hybrid):? Less serious indict table offences? Maximum $100,000 or 5 years imprisonment? Obtaining property by deception, handling stolen goods, selling drugs, obtaining unregistered firearm Tried by a police prosecutor representing the State 4. Fairness and Trials The Fairness principle was enunciated in the Dietrich case in 1992 when Mason CJ and McHugh J held that â€Å"the right of an accused to receive a fair trial according to law is a fundamental element of our criminal justice s ys tem† Rules regarding a fair trial include a presumption of innocence, issues as to the standard and burden of proof, right to remain silence and provisions on the exclusion or inclusion of certain evidence. 5. Aggravating and Mitigating factors Aggravating factors (these increase culpability) and may include offence being committed as part of a a group, the vulnerability of victim, premeditation, breach of trust). Mitigating factors (reduce culpability) and may include remorse, offender’s youth, absence of prior convictions, testifying against co-accused. 6. Sentencing principles Over a period of time the appellate courts have developed precedents to guide sentencing discretion. These include: The parsimony principle – ensures that the sentence be the least severe required to meeting the purposes of sentencing The disparity principle requires that the sentencing of a co-defendant needs to be considered Proportionality principle – requires proportional relationship between the seriousness of the crime and the punishment 7. Factors influencing Sentencing ?The penalty allowable under law for that offence The court in which the case is heard Whether the accused pleads guilty or not guilty. Judicial consideration of aggravating and mitigating factors, ? sentencing aims and principles, sentencing tariffs (patterns) guideline judgments 8. Sentencing Principles Victoria 1. Just Punishment? 2. Deterrence (General and Specific) 3. Rehabilitation? 4. Denunciation? 5. Community Protection (1) Just Punishment:? Punishing the offender to an extent and in a manner which is just in all of the circumstances Exam p l e:? †¢ George Williams (2007)? †¢ One count trafficking commercial quantity of methamphetamines †¢ Sentence: 41? 2 years, minimum 20 months imprisonment ‘The sentence imposed must be moderated due to your ill health, and the hardship that may occasion to you in the prison? system, but it does not in any way eliminate the need for appropriate punishment I intend to impose a sentence of imprisonment to be served immediately. To impose a wholly suspended sentence, I would have to be of the view that a sentence of three years is sufficient punishment for the offence that you have committed, and I do not believe that to be correct’ (2) Deterrence:? Deterring the offender (specific deterrence) and deterring other persons (general deterrence) from committing offences of the same or as similar character Exam p l e:? †¢ Robert Farquhar son (2007)? †¢ Three counts of murder? †¢ Sentence: Life with no parole (later over-turned) ‘The protection of the law arrives too late for these three children. However, punishment of the offender is justified and hopefully deterrence of others will flow from that punishment. That is the operational premise upon which the principle of general deterrence is founded’ (3) Denunciation: To denounce the type of conduct engaged in by the offender Example:? †¢ Bao Huynh (2010)? †¢ Intentionally causing serious injury – stabbed wife 6 times †¢ Sentenced: 7 years, 5 years minimum imprisonment ‘I take into account the need to pass a sentence which will act in denunciation of your conduct The sentence imposed must signal to the community that acts of violence, including domestic violence, are not tolerated and warrant punishment’ 4. Rehabilitation: the sentence must allow for conditions where by rehabilitation may be facilitated Example:? †¢ Cameron Dawson (20), Nathan Stevens (21) (2010)? †¢ Assault causing serious injury? †¢ Sentences: 12 month CBO, 80 hours unpaid community service, alcohol treatment,$700fine Great emphasis can be placed on rehabilitation. In this case, both young offenders have good prospects of growing into well qualified, law-abiding, contributing members of society. It is far better for those prospects to be encouraged ,rather than have them detained in custody with the possibility of their chance of rehabilitation being reduced’ 5) Protection: To protect the community from the offender Example:? †¢ Leigh Robinson (2010)? †¢ Murder of his girlfriend? †¢ Sentence: Life without parole ‘In determining the length of your sentence I must regard protection of the community from you as the principal purpose for which the sentence is imposed There is a pressing need to permanently protect the community from you’ Sentencing Options Custodial orders – Imprisonment Periodic Detention Home detention Suspended sentences Supervised release probation? community based order supervised bonds Monetary penalties fine? compensation or restitution Unsupervised release –? recognizance or good behavior bond admonition and discharge? dismissal without conviction Prison and punishment Number 11 PowerPoint Factors taken into account at sentencing Factors relating to criminal justice system the nature of the offenc e and the law’ s relating to it, the power of the partic ular c ourt that has heard the c ase, relevant sentencing patterns and guideline judgements.? †¢ General sentencing principles ie. proportionality, parsimony ? b) Other factors that relate to the offender? ie Offender’s culpability, guilty plea, remorse, history of offending ? Aggravating factors: increase culpability (level of premeditation, group attack, vulnerability of victim) ? Mitigating factors: reduce culpability (remorse, age, prior abuse) Factors taken into account at sentencing Victorian Sentencing Principles Deterrence – general and specific Rehabilitation – of primary importance when sentencing youth Community Safety -Underpinned by notions of risk/ dangerousness Denunciation –Expression of community’s disapproval of the crime. Just Punishment– Punishment to be ‘just’ having taken all of the factors into account. Expression of state’s right to inflict reciprocal punishment on an offender. Different Types of Punishments Punishments vary across jurisdictions and can be categorized in different ways. The most common forms of punishment are: a) Monetary orders (fines) b) Non-Custodial Orders Various types of community-based orders (may include: curfews and restrictions on movement and behaviour; requirements relating to reporting; drug testing; treatment/counselling; doing community work c) Custodial Sentences? †¢ Imprisonment (Full time or periodic), Home Detention, The Aims of Punishment Generally, punishments are justified by their aims what they are intended to achieve. Consequentialis t Aims (focus on practical ends): †¢ Deterrence? †¢ Rehabilitation? †¢ Incapacitation Expressive Aims (largely symbolic in nature) †¢ Denunciation? †¢ Retribution/ Just Deserts The rise of‘ Risk’: DiscourseandPractice The concept of risk come to dominate discourses around crime and punishment over the past 20 years. It has come to shape priorities and practices in a host of areas that focus on people and social ‘problems’: Social Work Physical health Mental health Drug and alcohol Crime Prevention Corrections Defining ‘Risk’ Oxford English Dictionary defines risk as:? ‘(Exposure to) the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse or unwelcome circumstance; a chance or situationinvolving such apossibility. ’ Mathematically: RISK = (probability of a harmful event occurring) X? (estimate of the harm that will be caused by it) The Concept of Risk In the late C20th, we see a shift in emphasis in the way that ‘risk’ is regarded and utilized. The emphasis now extends beyond reducing the harm caused by a negative event, to reducing or eliminating the likelihood of that event occurring in the first place. A â€Å"Preventative logic’ now dominates much thinking in relation to crime and punishment. It has contributed to harsher penalties being imposed, increased surveillance and at time the preventative detention of individuals. (Consider legislation concerning sex offenders) Deploying Risk There are various ways in which ‘risk’ and the methods to reduce or eliminate it come into play in dealing with crime. Identification and intervention at various levels Risk assessments Programs in prisons Electronic Monitoring Restrictions on community orders Data collection and registration Dissemination of information to public via media ? and WEB ‘Social policing and punishment’ – vigilantism. Limiting of Parole and suspended sentences Critical Concerns Risk 1. RISK a) The demand that society can be protected from harm, is at the end of the day, impossible.? Life is risky.? To what lengths are we willing to go to contain risk? b) Particular concern have been raised in relation to trying to predict ‘risk’ or the ‘dangerousness’ of an offender. Measuring this is notoriously unreliable, with success prediction ranging from about 30% to 50%. Critical Concerns Risk c) Undermining of Law The difficulties associated with prediction are even more serious when the measures that can be used to reduce risk are considered . Some basics of legal principles and punishment that have stood since the enlightenment period, are at risk of being undermined: †¢ the principle that no-one should be imprisoned without having committed an offence†¢ the notion of proportionality the balance of power between the state and the individual citizen, enshrined through due process and protection of civil rights. Engaging critically with crime and criminology PowerPoint 13 Our aim in CCR has been to introduce you to criminology as: a discipline that is concerned with crime, criminality, criminalization and the criminal justice system a discipline that deals with some of the most difficult and emotive issues in contemporary society ‘Are we experiencing a crisis of law and order, or a crisis of perspective? ’ (Hogg and Brown, 1998) Is there a real crisis of ‘law and order’ or are we experiencing a crisis in the way we think about and respond to crime? Are ‘law and order’ policies addressing the ‘crime problem’ or making it worse? How canweaccount for criminology’s failureto ‘solve’ the ‘problem’ of crime? Is this a sign of:? criminology’s limitations? crime’s complexity the futility of this goal? Such questions point to the importance of engaging critically with crime and criminology 1. To engage with criminology in any meaningful way it is necessary to look beyond the assumptions and stereotypes that so often dominate popular thinking 2. Necessary to recognise that criminology is not a static or unified discipline it consists of a range of different and competing perspectives. What crime is and how it is to be explained and responded to is a subject of furious debate within criminology 3. Necessary to recognise that criminology, as a discipline and a practice, is socially? constr ucted it is a product of its social, economic, political and historical context it is a product of human endeavour 4. Need to keep in mind that criminological perspectives have consequences for criminal justice and social policy Criminological theories are important because they guide criminal justice practice 5. Criminological perspectives need to be open to being critically evaluated. The interrogationof criminological knowledge, its assumptions, practices and effects is a necessary and ongoing process 6. Reflexivity, the process of interrogating one’s own position and practice is crucial at an individual level. Criminologists must be alert to the implications of their positions and actions. 7. Criminologists need to be awareof the power that they hold as ‘experts’ and the potential that carries for use and abuse.

Claude Debussy Essay Example

Claude Debussy Paper Music is the expression of the movement of waters Nine words is what it takes to vividly put Into perspective the life of Claude Debussy and how he composed his own music. Debussy wrote his music as If he were to trying to portray water; making his music flow, reflect, and permeate through the listeners ears. Masterful compositions such as Claire De Lune, Prelude from the Suite Burgomaster, Deuce Arabesques, and Lee File Auk Achieve De Line resemble not only Debussy passion for music, but the extent to which he can express himself without words. Claude Debussy was a virtuosic man whose life, the beginning, middle, and end of it, befittingly relates to his music. Debussy was truly a maestro of the art of Impressionistic music. Claude Reachable Debussy was born on August 22nd, 1862 in Saint-Germane-En- Lay, France to Manuel-Achilles Debussy and Victorian Mammary Debussy. His father was the owner of a China shop in Saint-Germane-En-Lay and his mother was a seamstress. Claude was the eldest of five children. Four years later, in 1 867, Claude and his family moved to Paris, France but then, in 1870, Claude and his pregnant other left to live with Clauses Aunt, Clementine, In Cannes, France In order to avoid the then- current Franco-Prussian War. It was this move that started his musical journey. In 1870, his aunt offered to pay for Claude to take piano lessons with an Italian violinist named Curette. After a year of lessons, he then grasped the attention of Madame Antoinette Matt © De Belleville, a family friend who had apparently taken lessons with FRR ©d ©rice Chopin, even though there was no strong evidence that she had ever even done so. We will write a custom essay sample on Claude Debussy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Claude Debussy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Claude Debussy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer De Belleville was ultimately Impressed by his proficiency on the Instrument. Hat astonished her even more was the fact that he had pure on an instrument that was most certainly foreign to the one who even taught him to begin with. , although being taught by a violinist. Unwillingly and without hesitance, De Belleville offered Claude lessons on piano, which Claude eagerly accepted. Antoinette Maude Belleville was very overwhelmed with Debussy aspiring talent. Throughout the course of a year, De Belleville trained Debussy vigorously so that Debussy could enter the Conservatoire De Paris, which was (and still Is) a top drawer school for those who are serious on pursuing the career of music or any art for the matter. After a successful audition, on October 22, 1872, Debussy was sequentially admitted in the Conservatoire De Paris. Matt © was so glued onto Debussy and his accomplishments, that Debussy father declared her as Debussy Godmother. Debussy entered the Conservatoire De Paris with a mindset that he was going to major In Plano Performance. Years later, he decided to change his major to interminable years. Debussy studied composition with Ernest Guard, harmony with Emilie Duran, piano with Antoine Francisco Marmoreal, music history and music theory with Louis-Albert Obbligato Discouraged and college with Albert Laving. Throughout his life at the Conservatoire De Paris, Debussy endures many arduous examinations and competitions; some receiving him high marks and comments, others nothing. His first comment was given to him by his piano teacher, Antoine Francisco Marmoreal, on January 13, 1874. The comment was, Charming child, true temperament of an artist; will become a distinguished musician; a great future. Months later, on July, he receives a second honorable mention for playing Chopping Second Piano Concerto. One year later, he receives a first honorable mention in his piano examination; Chopping 1st Ballade is what he played for the examination. On January 16, 1876, Debussy made his first appearance in concert with a local industry brass band. At the concert, which took place in Chauncey, he accompanied Letting Mended in a program filled with operatic excerpts and instrumental pieces. Back in the Conservatoire De Paris, later that year, he receives his a first medal for his excellence in the college examinations. Soon, the year 1877 comes along. It was that year that experiences the expiration of his brother, Eugene, who was less than four years old. The cause of his death was meningitis, a sickness that wouldnt find a cure until many years after. The death of Eugene did not affect Debussy playing and study, for he won second prize in his piano examination, playing Schumann Sonata in G Minor. In 1878, Debussy failed his piano examination. In 1879, Debussy, he was awarded no prizes for his piano and college examinations. Mile Duran says that Debussy a child that is extremely gifted in Harmony, but is desperately careless during school. 1880 was a certainly a year of learning and rebuilding for Claude Debussy. Debussy signed up for an Accompanist class with Augusta Bacilli in 1879 and in 1880, he won first medal on the accompanist examinations. Debussy soon realizes hat he needs to start finding out ways in which he can make ends meet while still attending the Conservatoire De Paris. He later then found two part-time Jobs that lead to an essentially critical part for the formation of his composition career. His first part time Job was to be an accompanist to a choral society named La Concordia. This was proved almost disastrous because, predictably, Debussy decided to never show up to any of La Concordats rehearsals. His other part-time Job was being an accompanist to singer Victorian Mortar-Saints. This part-time Job is the one he favored over the dreadful choral works of La Concordia. During an event with Mortar-Saints, Debussy received an invitation from Menhaden Von Neck. Menhaden Von Neck was an important figure, due to her great friendship and patronage with the genius Photo Lacily Tchaikovsky, whom which Debussy respected and looked Upton as a composer but had very little impact on him and his future works. Von Neck sought out Debussy so that Debussy could accompany Von Neck and her family as an accompanist and a piano teach/tutor. During the three summers that Debussy was with the Von Neck family, Debussy and the Von Neck family traveled many lengths on grand tours all across Europe and even extending to Asia. Debussy traveled to Interlayer in Switzerland, Archon in Russia. Debussy had a short relationship with Sonic Von Neck, Menhaden Von Necks daughter. Although short, Debussy was almost close to marrying Sonic Von Neck, but was then denied after Menhadens refusal, since Sonic Von Neck was in fact only sixteen and too young to marry in Menhadens eyes. This love must have not lasted great lengths; this love was merely on adolescent and could have soon been forgotten n. But eventually, Debussy did find much grander love, and also much older if you will. Although thirteen years to his senior, Debussy fell in love with Bleach Adelaide Evasive. Evasive was everything Debussy every wanted. The color of her eyes were the perfect shade of green, which was Debussy favorite color, and her voice, to him, was heavenly light. And to top it all off, she sung with the voice of a thousand angels. Her hair color was red to brown which Debussy thought was splendid. Evasive was thirty-two and was married to Eugene-Henry Evasive, a man very dedicated to his work as a registrar of buildings. Eugene-Henry Evasive was also extremely wealthy man and only two years to Debussy senior. Although a married woman, Evasive longed for Debussy. Evasive ultimately longed for love, and to her, Debussy could supply that love. Eugene-Henry Evasive could supply her expensive tastes, but not her love and passion for music. Debussy was Evasive unsatisfying craving for an ever so passionate but secretive love. Evasive had a profound impact on Debussy and his compositions. On May 12, 1882, Evasive performed two of Debussy compositions, Less Roses and Fete Gallant, with Debussy as an accompanist. Debussy was truly in love with the only woman or person that have sung his music to date. He would pour out music for her to sing Just so that he can her voice. Evasive was an inspiration for Debussy to write music. From 1881 to 1884, Debussy wrote twenty-three gorgeous compositions. Madame Evasive was the only muse to ever inspire musical feelings. In 1883, Debussy was admitted for the PRI De Rome competition. The PRI De Rome was highly competitive contest for scholarship solely for students of the arts. Disciplines included Architecture, which is what the PRI De Rome was originally intended for, Painting, Sculpture, Engraving and Musical Composition. He was ranked Ruth for his composition Invocation, a work for male voice choir and orchestra based on a text by Alphorns De Almandine. A couple of weeks later, Debussy is admitted for the final competition for the PRI De Rome. Second prize is given Debussy with his cantata to words by Mile Mortar, called Lee Gladiator. Debussy was surely the new of everyone in the PRI De Rome competition. On his first attempt, he was awarded second prize which is a crowning achievement. One year later, Debussy was admitted for the PRI De Rome competition yet again. His composition Lee Printers, a composition for mixed choir and orchestra to words y Jules Barrier, ranked Debussy fourth in the preliminaries. On May 24, 1884, Debussy was admitted for the final competition for the PRI De Rome. It was then that he won the PRI De Rome with Leant Prorogue, a lyrical composition. The PRI De Rome demanded that the first place winner had to stay for three years to study in Rome at the Villa Medici. Debussy was actually quite depressed when he received word that he had become the winner of the PRI De Rome. Debussy despised Rome. At the Villa Medics, along side Paul Vidal (1883 PRI De Rome Winner), Georges Marty and Gabriel Pierre. The first couple months in Rome are depressing for Debussy and he intentionally makes no effort to even being happy. Debussy only wants to leave and be with Evasive. During the years at Villa Medics, he wrote nothing of interest. The most interest he had in Villa Medics was meeting and becoming acquaintances with Franz List. Paul Vidal and Debussy perform Faust-symphony for two pianos for Franz List to hear. List, a couple days later, performs his very own transcription of Schubert Eave Maria and Au board dune source. During his stay at Rome, Debussy would escape to Paris see his love Evasive. Eugene-Henry would be completely unaware of the affair between them, since Eugene-Henry would often be on work leaves and would assume that Debussy would visit to accompany her. After two dreaded years at Rome, he finally convinces the committee of the PRI De Rome and of the Villa Medics to allow him to leave Rome. After returning to Paris, he went to go seek the Vaccines but couldnt. The Evasive shunned Debussy and his decision to leave Rome. With nowhere else to go, he decided to go back to his family in the rue De Berlin. Shortly after his arrival, he found that his father was without a Job. He soon saw that that he had to make of his own living by giving piano lessons and doing hackwork for publishers on occasion. The money made from his pieces that have been published over the next few years like Artistes, Deuce Arabesques, The Petite Suite and more, did not produce enough monetary income to sustain his parents while he was with them momentarily nor did it even sustain him as he moved into a fifth floor apartment at 42 rue De Londoner. Since his return from Rome, Debussy began socializing more and more with symbolist poets, whose work would crucially inspire Debussy own work. Mallard, a poet that Debussy befriended, said that poetry should be transcendental and should strive for the abstraction of music. With this being said, it is to no surprise that Mallards writing is generally regarded as obscure. In 1891, Debussy met one of his soon to be, most loyal friend at the time, composer Erik State, who is famous for his Gymnosperms composition. In spring of 1890, Debussy meets Gabrielle Dupont, daughter of a tailor at Leslies. Gabrielle soon becomes Debussy newfound love. Debussy and Gabby both struggled together, looking for way to make ends meet. The inevitably split and go in different directions, but much praise is given to Gabby. During Debussy time with Gabby, Debussy wrote many masterpieces such as The String Quartet, the Propose Leeriness, Pellets et Melanesian, Prelude a Leapers-midi dun fauna (which is regarded as the first ground breaking piece of modern music), the Nocturnes and much more. It was a wonder how Debussy and Gabby even stayed together for so long! Debussy was with more women that ever during his affair with Gabby! He even proposed and organized a marriage with Theres Roger, a renowned interpreter of Debussy vocal works. He called off the marriage on March 17, 1894. She then fell into a depression, married a divorced engraver four years later, and then died four years later. Gabby soon got fed up with Debussy cheating on her, so she left him in September of 1898. Debussy met his next love during his relationship with Gabby in the spring of 1898. Her name was Rosalie Dexter but was commonly known Lilly. Gabby told Lilly about Debussy threatened to commit suicide if she didnt. They soon got married on October 19, 1899 with Erik State and Lousy as their witnesses. They enjoyed three years of utter happiness. Debussy was able to continue to work on his works such as Pellets, and Stamped and two of the Nocturnes. The Nocturnes would soon be written for Lilly because of their incapability of having children, her abortion, and her tubercular patches on the top of both of her lungs. Debussy had to send poor Lilly away to the Pyroxenes for three to four months. On top of the recent events, Debussy was also in a horrible financial situation. After months at the hospital, Lilly finally came back and in time to hear the premier of Pellets. In 1904, Lilly Debussy attempts suicide by shooting herself. Unsuccessful, her attempted suicide appears all over the news and many friends of Debussy start to draw away. Along with their divorce in 1905, many of Debussy pieces start to become more and more frequently performed. Performances of Masque, La Mere, Lease Joyous, Pellets et Melinda and Trots Melodies De Overlain. Debussy soon meets Emma Abroad, the mother of a pupil of his. They had a wonderful time together as their loved sparked more and more. During this time, around October, Lilly decided that she could not live through another anniversary, so she killed herself publicly. In 1905, Debussy started thinking about children more often. Emma, a woman who was still not married to Debussy yet, was an astonishing seven months pregnant. Now that his old professor bought a piece from Debussy, called La Mere, Debussy was receiving much royalties and had more time on his hands to compose music. Debussy started composing Childrens Corner Suite, a gorgeous six movement suite, for his impending daughter. Then, ever so promptly, Claude-Emma Debussy was born on October 30, 1905. Both Emma and Debussy were both flourishing financially and their relationship was without flaw. In 1908 Childrens Corner Suite was finished and dedicated completely to Claude-Emma, or better known as Couch. Childrens Corner Suite was inspired by toy animals and childhood memories for Couch to remember as she gets older. But the good times most certainly dont last forever, especially in Clauses life. Sigmund Abroad, Enemas ex-husband, failed to pay his alimony payments and have to be pursued and put into court. Also, on Enemas Uncles will, only to her displeasure, only left Emma 5000 francs, which is essentially nothing. Debussy had to resort to going on the road to conduct his own works to raise up some money. Lonely, toothsome trips to London, Vienna, Amsterdam, Budapest, Moscow, SST. Petersburg, Turin, Rome, The Hogue and Brussels from this moment to the time of his death. This made relationships with Emma more complicated and she even mailed a lawyer about a possible separation, but she endured and stuck with him. Debussy was major in debt and him nor could his family even afford a happy holiday in the year 1912 and 1913. Over the next five years, his life became worse and worse. He started getting thinner and weaker and paler. On March 1917, he finished his Violin Sonata, which was the last piece he ever rote before staying in bed for the last year of his life. One year later, during his last days, he was relieved by his dearest friend Vines, who would come to play him his so much pleasure like a cigarette, is the one thing that surely helped kill him. Claude Achilles Debussy died Monday, March 25th, 1918, due to Collateral Cancer. Couch only outlived her father by a mere year, due to the Diphtheria epidemic of 1919 when a doctor gave her a wrong treatment. Claude Debussy was an influence not only to pianists, but to composers and musicians of all genres. Debussy may have been a bastard of love, but a genius of music.